The world of “synthetic biology” is an optimistic and ambitious one, with its claims of transformative and paradigm-shifting developments, and promises of providing solutions for global challenges such as food security, energy security, clean water, human and animal health, environmental contamination, species conservation, and even climate change ( Ro et al., 2006 Khalil and Collins, 2010 Redford et al., 2013 Kelley et al., 2014 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2014 Redford, 2014 Sliva et al., 2015 Crow, 2018 Gray et al., 2018). This paper provides an overview of international developments in biotechnology regulation, including the application of the Cartagena Protocol and relevant policy developments, and reviews the development of the synthetic biology debate under the CBD and its Protocols, including the major issues expected in the lead up to and during the 2020 Biodiversity Conference. The CBD debates are characterized by polarized views on the adequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms for “new” types of LMOs, including the scope of the current regulatory frameworks, and procedures and tools for risk assessment and risk mitigation and/or management. There is no internationally accepted definition of “synthetic biology,” with it used as an umbrella term in this forum to capture “new” biotechnologies and “new” applications of established biotechnologies, whether actual or conceptual. This discussion has been underway for almost 10 years under the CBD agenda items of “synthetic biology” and “new and emerging issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity,” and more recently within the scope of Cartagena Protocol topics including risk assessment and risk management, and “digital sequence information” jointly with the Nagoya Protocol.

The primary international forum deliberating the regulation of “synthetic biology” is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), along with its subsidiary agreements concerned with the biosafety of living modified organisms (LMOs Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the CBD), and access and benefit sharing in relation to genetic resources (Nagoya Protocol to the CBD). 2BASF Belgium Coordination Center, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium.1BASF Australia Ltd., Southbank, VIC, Australia.International Journal of Horticultural Science: Vol. 3 (2010)Ĭarotenoid composition and content in products of sea buckthorn and peach as determined by high-performance liquid chromatographyįield evaluations of 14 sweet cherry cultivars as pollinators for cv.

Pilot study for irrigation modelling of a pear plantation The effect of the intensity and method of pruning on the growth and yield of the apple variety ’Idared’ under conditions of ecological and integrated growing systems 3 (2008)įirst evaluation of fruit quality of some new and old sour cherry cultivars in Hungarian climatic condition 1-2 (2011)Ībnormalities of the stigma of sour cherry cultivar Susceptibility of fruit of some plum and apricot cultivars to brown rot 4 (2009)Įffect of hail protecting nets on the quality of apples

Organic versus integrated apple growing: II. Effect of different flower thinning techniques on annual fluctuation of macro and micronutrients in sweet cherries

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